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Black Sheep Photo - In English, the black sheep is a slang term that describes a member of a group who is different from others, especially a family member who doesn't fit in. The term comes from a sheep whose wool is darker in color than the more common white. ; these sheep stand in the flock, and their wool is priceless because it is spotless.

In psychology, the "black sheep effect" refers to the tendency of ingroup members to judge sympathetic members more positively and deviant ingroup members more negatively than similar group members. go.

Black Sheep Photo

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Black Welsh Mountain Sheep

In most sheep, the white wool is not caused by albinism but by a common age which shuts down the production of color, thus masking any other color that may be present.

A black sheep is caused by the recessive age, so if a white ram and a white ewe are heterozygous for black, about one in four of their lambs will be black. In many breeds of white sheep, only a few white sheep are heterozygous for black, so black lambs are much rarer than that.

The term comes from the occasional black lamb born into a flock of white sheep. Black wool is considered commercially undesirable because it cannot be dyed.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, the black color of sheep was considered a sign of the devil.

What It's Like To Be The Black Sheep Of Your Family

In modern usage the phrase has lost some of its negative connotations, although the term usually refers to a member of a group who has certain characteristics or lack thereof that that group deems undesirable.

Jessica Mitford has described herself as the "red shepherd of the family", a communist in a family of aristocratic fascists.

The idiom is also found in other languages, e.g. German, French, Italian, Serbo-Croatian, Bulgarian, Hebrew, Portuguese, Greek, Turkish, Hungarian, Dutch, Afrikaans, Swedish, Danish, Spanish, Catalan, Czech, Slovak, Romanian and Polish. During the Second Spanish Revolution, a weekly magazine called El Be Negre, which means "The Black Sheep", was published in Barcelona.

The same concept is described in some other languages ​​by the word "white crow": for example, belaya vorona (бе́лая воро́на) in Russian and kalāg-e sefīd ( كلاغ sefid ) in Persian.

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In 1988, Marques, Yzerbyt, and Leys conducted an experiment in which Belgian musicians rated the following groups according to behavioral descriptors (eg, social, moral, criminal, cold): , the merciless North African musicians, the friendly Belgians and the friendly north. African stallions. Results showed that favoritism was highest for sympathetic ingroup members and lowest for hateful ingroup members, with favorability of both hateful and sympathetic ingroup members falling between children. both ingroups.

These large judgments about the benevolence and unease (i.e. deviance) of group members, in relation to similar members, are called the "black sheep effect". This effect has been demonstrated in many intergroup settings and under various conditions, and in many experiments manipulating sympathy and norm deviance.

). In-group members are motivated to maintain a positive image and social identity, and as a result, in-group members emphasize benevolent members and value them more than out-group members. who go out, producing a better image of their group (intragroup inequality). In addition, positive social identity can be threatened by members who deviate from the appropriate group norm. To protect a positive group image, group members suppress ingroup deviants more strongly than outgroup deviants (Marques, Abrams, Páez, & Hogg, 2001).

Eidelman and Biernat wrote in 2003 that personal identities are also threatened by disorganized members. They argue that reducing deviant members is an individual response to interpersonal differences.

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Khan and Lambert suggested in 1998 that cognitive processes such as convergence and differentiation, which can emphasize influence, should be examined.

Although there is broad support for the black pastoral effect, a reverse pattern has been observed, for example, that white participants judge black targets more negatively than similar white targets (e.g. Feldman, 1972;

Therefore, many factors affect the effect of the black sheep. For example, the higher the identification with the ingroup and the higher the titativity of the ingroup, the more the black sheep effect will appear.

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